ÿWPCj  ‹<E$ÎÏbôy/•@;:‹2{y"“÷ϬµÇ'g£«@Lš×ƒ´(pvž~m.waζ¡ÑEbbÑÆŸxø!† 0¹-ìÙ_ÏWtú)5Wâ-SÍâwœÆõ»ÅÙ? Ÿ¼8›ØäFEêÄ#]| sA=Ñ1_jÌ‚ßh¢°³_ƒ¦³àù•3 Z¡p·•æ)vK ÙT$fOÏ’ V–Ïϰߦ :"–´Ôqh¼ðó ¢ãUèÌøÕ›ÂK%¼ò±£Ñe)ðÁWÅ>i©ñ; fÈý3hBƒÁàm #FêGžèã¿j²çŽ13º¾-‹!xCÕüáÜÐJ@Lè=S^¼ðn‰ÉÍoÞWîõ°ë9ÏjÍúꑱôù˜1Ýý/EݦV…kŠÔ–!”rIqŽ6 t 0ƒ D+E U>p U>® U>ì U>* h (‰‘â$¡¡ÓK€(€X°KÓÔ€XdXXXÔÔ€XdXXXdÔÿU‹ÿÀÀÀusipwall.gif dÐOf Nets, Nails, and Problems: The Folk Language of Conflict Resolution ina Central American Setting˜HP LaserJet IIP orig0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX ˜G:\COREL\SUITE8\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~2\WEB\WP8WEB.WPTG:\Corel\Suite8\Template\Custom WP Templates\Web\wp8web.wptE(K>N–$ÄÄÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€<°XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÔ >ÔÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€<°XX¸ÔèŠF$|’(K>È­$ÅÅÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€èl‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÔ >ÔÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€èl‚„XX¸Ô:web3dhrz160 €€€d ÿÿÿd3|x(K>È $ÆÆÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÔ >ÔÔ€X¸XXXÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸Ô'ÈÈÈÈdxd(ÖÃ9 Z‹&Times New Roman*†‰  ‹&Times New Roman*†‰  ‹&Times New Roman*†‰  ‹&Times New RomanÝ ƒ‘â!ÝÓK€(€XKÓÔ€XÝ XXXÔÔ€XÝ XXXÝ ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ԁ݂N–DÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€<°XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚N–µÝÝ  ÝOf€Nets,€Nails,€and€Problems:€The€Folk€Language€of€Conflict€Resolution€in€aÐ ÜÜ ÐCentral€American€Setting݃N–µÝÔ Ԍ̌Ô€°Ž4°°°<ÔÔ€XÝ X°°Ž4ÔÝ  Ý݂ȭEÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€èl‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  Ý݂ȭ%ÝÝ  ÝJohn€Paul€Ô_ÔLederachÔ_Ô݃ȭ%‹ÝÔ sԌРhh ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝßA€) °°xdtExì0ß3AßÐ ¤¤ ÐòòÔ_ÔLederachÔ_Ô,€John€Paul.€òòOf€Nets,€Nails,€and€Problems:€The€Folk€Language€of€Conflict€Resolution€in€a€Central€American€Setting.óó€Conflict€Resolution:€Cross-CulturalÐ ”” ÐPerspectives.€Ed.€Kevin€Ô_ÔAvruchÔ_Ô,€Peter€W.€Black€and€Joseph€A.€Ô_ÔScimeccaÔ_Ô.€Greenwood€Press:€New€York,€Westport,€Connecticut,€London,€1991.€Pp.€165-186.óóÐ € €  ÐThis€article€looks€at€the€"conflict-talk"€of€people€in€Central€America,€particularly€in€Costa€Rica.€It€analyzes€the€language€that€they€use€in€describing€conflict€and€folkÏknowledge€about€ways€of€resolving€it.€This€study€aims€at€understanding€how€people€in€Central€America€view€conflicts€and€deal€with€them.€The€author€calls€itÏ"Ô_ÔethnoconflictologyÔ_Ô".€It€is€based€on€his€rich€experience€of€mediating,€training€and€living€among€Central€Americans€for€several€years.€In€Ô_Ôparticularññlyññ,Ô_Ô€the€article€is€based€onÏthe€author's€one€year€participation€in€a€training€seminar€in€social€empowerment€in€the€town€of€Ô_ÔPuntarenasÔ_Ô€in€Costa€Rica.€ÌÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È ZÝÝ  Ýò òTalk€about€conflict:€The€folk€vision.ó ó€ÝƒÈ ZÀÝÔ ¨ÔŒÐ ÔÔ  ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝLanguage€is€not€just€a€means€of€expression,€it€is€a€path€leading€to€understanding€of€the€ways€other€people€construct€their€realities.€Costa€Ricans,€for€example,€do€notÐ   Ðlike€to€use€the€word€"conflict"€in€their€everyday€life.€They€view€"conflict"€as€an€academic€term,€more€appropriate€for€situations€involving€violent€struggle.€They€preferÏto€use€such€words€as€disputes,€problems,€messes,€and€entanglements€in€describing€disturbing€situations€that€they€encounter€on€an€every€day€basis.ÌÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È ` ÝÝ  Ýò òConflict:€The€"net"€of€life.ó ó€ÝƒÈ ` Æ ÝÔ ® ԌР°° ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝFor€Costa€Ricans,€the€meaning€of€"being€in€conflict"€is€close€to€that€of€"being€entangled".€The€linguistic€origins€of€such€a€conceptualization€go€back€to€the€word€òòred,óóÐ ìì Ðwhich€means€fisherman's€net.€This€a€perfect€example€of€how€language€reflects€reality.€In€contrast€to€Western€culture,€where€interpersonal€conflict€is€a€conflict€betweenÏindividuals,€interpersonal€conflict€in€Central€America€is€a€conflict€within€a€social€network€of€family€members€and€friends.€"Families€and€[personal€networks]€are€theÏcontext€in€which€conflicts,€or€the€daily€'entanglements'€develop,€are€understood,€and€are€managed"€(p.€168).€ÌÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È ÝÝ  Ýò òThe€"ins€and€outs"€of€conflict.ó ó€ÝƒÈ tÝÔ \ԌРxx ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝThrough€linguistic€analysis€the€author€explores€how€Costa€Ricans€deal€with€"entanglement".€For€example,€the€realization€of€one's€involvement€in€a€conflict€is€expressedÐ ´´ Ðthrough€phrases€that€mean€that€someone€was€put€into€"a€tangled€net"€(p.€169).€The€first€step€in€dealing€with€conflict€would€be€for€a€person€to€find€ways€of€approachingÏor€"entering"€the€problem€and€the€person€with€whom€he€or€she€has€a€conflict.€"Entering"€the€problem€means€finding€the€right€way€to€approach€the€other€person.€This€isÏoften€an€indirect€way€--€through€a€common€friend€or€trusted€relative.€The€indirect€way€is€often€chosen€to€make€the€entrance€as€careful€as€possible,€to€avoid€rejection€byÏthe€opponent.€The€next€step€would€be€to€enter€the€person,€which€means€to€talk€to€him€or€her€and€get€an€understanding€of€the€person's€inner€world,€his€or€her€values€andÏconcerns.€Another€question€that€the€person€in€conflict€asks€is€how€to€get€out€of€the€conflict.€One€tactic€would€be€avoidance€of€the€person€and€the€problem€that€isÏcausing€the€conflict.€This€means€that€it€is€not€possible€to€get€into€the€other's€person€world.€People€get€disconnected.€The€alternative€to€this€would€be€to€try€to€restoreÏthe€relationship.ÌÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È üÝÝ  Ýò òThe€Ô_ÔethnomethodsÔ_Ô:€Getting€from€"in"€to€"out".ó ó€ÝƒÈ übÝÔ JԌРð&ð& ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝResolving€the€conflict€involves€three€processes,€"the€internal€Ô_ÔethnomethodsÔ_Ô€of€'getting€into€the€problem':€òòÔ_ÔubicarseÔ_Ôóó€(get€my€bearings),€òòÔ_ÔplaticarÔ_Ôóó€(talk,€dialogue),€andÐ ,),) ÐòòÔ_ÔarreglarÔ_Ôóó€(manage,€arrange,€and€fix)"€(p.€171).€Ô_ÔUbicarseÔ_Ô€means€to€make€sense€out€of€the€situation€or€frame€the€problem.€This€is€usually€done€through€a€conversationÐ ** Ð(òòÔ_ÔplaticarÔ_Ôóó)€that€does€not€directly€touch€the€issue,€but€prepares€for€a€dialogue.€òòÔ_ÔDialogarÔ_Ôóó€implies€the€movement€of€a€conflict€to€a€different€level,€from€personalÐ ++ Ðdisconnection€to€establishing€contact€with€each€other.€òòÔ_ÔArreglarÔ_Ôóó€has€three€meanings:€(1)€to€restore€or€put€something€back€together,€(2)€to€establish€mutualÐ ð+ð+  Ðunderstanding,€(3)€to€recognize€each€other's€role€in€the€relationships€or€to€"arrange"€the€relationships.€Thus,€"through€an€arrangement€and€an€understanding,€we€fix€theÏbroken€and€undo€the€tangled"€(p.€173).€Page€174€contains€a€map€of€the€process.€òòÔ_ÔMetidoÔ_Ôóó,€the€starting€point,€refers€to€the€realization€of€being€tangled€in€the€net€orÐ È-È-" Ðbrought€into€conflict.€òòÔ_ÔEntraleÔ_Ôóó€is€the€term€for€entering€into€the€problem€through€people€trusted€by€both€sides.€òòÔ_ÔUbicarseÔ_Ôóó€and€òòÔ_ÔplaticarÔ_Ôóó€are€the€processes€of€framing€theÐ ´.´.# Ðissues€through€conversation€--€if€not€directly€between€two€parties€in€conflict,€then€with€the€help€of€a€third€party.€The€third€party€takes€responsibility€for€paving€the€wayÏout€of€the€conflict€through€promoting€mutual€understanding€and€arranging€the€future€relationships€between€two€opposing€sides.€A€way€out€or€òòÔ_ÔsalidaÔ_Ôóó€can€involve€eitherÐ Œ0Œ0% Ðâ âavoidance€behavior,€or€òòÔ_ÔarregloÔ_Ôóó,€conflict€resolution€based€on€mutual€understanding€and€recognition€achieved€through€dialogue.€Ð x1x1& ÐÔ_Ô‡â âÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È pÝÝ  Ýò òCultural€paths€of€conflict€action.ó ó€ÝƒÈ pÖÝÔ ¾ÔŒÐ ÜÜ ÐŒÔ€„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝThere€are€three€main€types€of€actions€that€Central€Americans€use€in€managing€their€conflicts.€The€first€step€is€to€ask€for€advice€from€others.€This€makes€theÐ  Ðunderstanding€of€the€problem€less€subjective€and€helps€put€things€in€perspective.€Asking€for€advice€fulfills€two€functions:€it€introduces€a€third€person€into€the€conflictÏand€helps€to€create€a€clearer€image€of€the€situation€and€the€issue€in€conflict.€The€people€who€give€the€advice€participate€in€constructing€the€social€reality€that€is€sharedÏby€others.€The€second€important€aspect€of€problem-solving€in€Central€America€is€the€concept€of€trust.€You€can€ask€for€advice€only€from€a€person€whom€you€trust.ÏThere€are€three€levels€of€trust:€(1)€an€acquaintance,€a€person€whom€you€know€but€who€is€on€the€periphery€of€your€network,€like€a€friend€of€a€friend€who€can€provide€anÏ"entry"€to€the€problem;€(2)€a€friend€is€a€person€inside€the€network€with€whom€you€can€share€your€"external€matters"€like€financial€problems€or€difficulties€withÏbureaucracy;€(3)€an€intimate€friend€is€a€person€in€front€of€whom€you€can€fully€open€yourself€and€your€"intimate€problems"€(p.€177).€Thus,€"òòconfianza€entre€nosóó€isÐ    Ðproblem€solving€based€on€mutuality€of€trust,€and€rare,€intimate€self-revelation€of€problems,€hurts,€and€weaknesses.€It€is€a€form€of€peer€therapy,€of€healing€through€aÏtrust€relationship..."€(P.€178).€The€third€step€is€to€establish€connections€or€òòpatasóó.€This€word€implies€an€action€by€people€whose€position€allows€them€to€influence€theÐ x x  Ðsituation€in€which€we€do€not€have€entrance,€on€our€behalf.ÌÝ‚È FÝÔ€X¸XXXÝ ÔÔ€ l‚„XX¸ÔÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚È ÷&ÝÝ  Ýò òImplications€for€intervention:€Cross-cultural€considerationsó ó€ÝƒÈ ÷&]'ÝÔ E'ԌР, ,  ЌԀ„Ä„„„l‚ÔÔ€XÝ X„„ÄÔÝ  ÝPage€182€contains€"Continua€of€Assumptions€Affecting€Process€and€Intervention".€It€emphasizes€the€importance€of€the€mediator€having€knowledge€of€the€culturalÐ hh  Ðnorms€of€behavior.€Depending€on€those€norms,€the€mediator€chooses€the€appropriate€setting,€form€of€communication,€and€the€type€of€outcomes€that€would€beÏdesirable€for€the€parties€in€their€cultural€context.€Mediators€also€have€to€understand€what€type€of€actions€the€parties€expect€from€them.€John€Paul€found€that€the€wayÏCentral€Americans€perceived€the€role€of€a€go-between€person€was€very€different€from€the€Western€understanding€of€the€mediator's€persona,€with€its€notion€of€neutralityÏand€impartiality.€Often€he€was€viewed€as€a€"surrogate€for€direct€communication€between€two€parties",€he€was€a€person€of€trust,€a€friend€(p.€182).€The€parties€pulledÏhim€into€their€lives.€For€them€he€was€not€a€neutral€outsider€but€someone€from€their€network€who€is€responsible€for€getting€them€out€of€conflict.€Trust€in€this€cultureÏsubstitutes€the€notion€of€neutrality€in€third€party€intervention.€Thus,€the€biggest€part€of€his€work€was€actually€understanding€the€culture€and€what€is€expected€from€him.€ÌIn€Central€America,€conflict€develops€within€the€network€of€family€and€friends.€To€resolve€conflict€means€to€restore€those€ties€that€hold€the€network€together.€ToÏunderstand€conflict€implies€entering€into€the€people's€world€with€the€help€of€a€person€or€"connections"€trusted€by€both€parties.€The€process€of€conflict€resolution€isÏcircular;€it€is€based€on€cultural€expectations€and€traditions;€it€involves€finding€the€right€connections€and€"'locating'€and€'relocating'€oneself"€(p.€184).€The€third€person€isÏsomeone€trusted€within€the€network.€This€person€is€expected€to€help€in€restoring€the€ties€within€the€network,€but€not€in€separating€and€resolving€the€issues.€The€thirdÏperson€is€responsible€for€quality€arrangement€of€the€future€relationships,€since€he€or€she€is€a€part€of€the€network.€¼ßA€)°°xdtExœ0xAßÐ TT ÐSummary€by€Mariya€YevsyukovaÌßA€) °°xdtExT0ß3AßÐ    ÐòòUse€the€"back"€button€to€return€to€the€previous€screen.óó€